Selected Recent Publications

2023

Simulation Modeling of Zoom Network Traffic: A Case Study by Mehdi Karamollahi, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt. Performance Evaluation (PEVA), Vol. 162, Article 102382, November 2023.

A Retrospective on Campus Network Traffic Monitoring by Martin Arlitt, Mehdi Karamollahi, and Carey Williamson. ACM Computer Communication Review (CCR Online), Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 40-45, April 2023.

2022

Simulation Modeling of Zoom Network Traffic (PDF, 530 KB) by Mehdi Karamollahi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2022, pp. 57-64, Nice, France, October 2022.

A Game-Theoretic Rent-Seeking Framework for Improving Multipath TCP Performance (PDF, 650 KB) by Shiva Pokhrel and Carey Williamson. Future Internet, Vol. 14, Issue 9, Article 257, September 2022.

Benchmarking Runtime Scripting Performance in WebAssembly (PDF, 570 KB) by Devon Hockley and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of Tenth International Workshop on Load Testing and Benchmarking of Software Systems (LTB), virtual event, April 2022.

Zoom Session Quality: A Network-Level View (PDF, 680 KB) by Albert Choi, Mehdi Karamollahi, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt. Proceedings of Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) Conference, virtual event, March 2022. (Springer LNCS, Vol. 13210, pp. 555-572, March 2022)

Zoomiversity: A Case Study of Pandemic Effects on Post-Secondary Teaching and Learning (PDF, 1.5 MB) by Mehdi Karamollahi, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt. Proceedings of Passive and Active Measurement (PAM) Conference, virtual event, March 2022. (Springer LNCS, Vol. 13210, pp. 573-599, March 2022)

2021

Simulation Modeling of Urban E-Scooter Mobility (PDF, 1.5 MB) by Rachel Mclean, Carey Williamson, and Lina Kattan. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, pp. 49-56, virtual conference, November 2021.

Cheating at Craps: A Quantitative Analysis (PDF, 300 KB) by Andrea Marin and Carey Williamson. ACM Performance Evaluation Review, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 53-61, May 2021.

An Empirical Measurement Study of Free Live Streaming Services (PDF, 540 KB) by Sina Keshvadi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of PAM 2021, Germany, March 2021.

2020

Measurement and Modeling of Tumblr Network Traffic (PDF, 480 KB) by Rachel Mclean, Mehdi Karamollahi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS Companion Workshop, Nice, France, November 2020. (Appears in workshop proceedings, published as Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12527, pp. 237-253, January 2021.

Traffic Characterization of Instant Messaging Applications: A Campus-Level View (PDF, 210 KB) by Sina Keshvadi, Mehdi Karamollahi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE LCN, Sydney, Australia, pp. 365-372, November 2020.

A Rent-Seeking Framework for Multi-Path TCP (PDF, 720 KB) by Shiva Raj Pokhrel and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IFIP Performance, Milan, Italy, November 2020. (Extended abstract appears in ACM Performance Evaluation Review; full journal version under review elsewhere)

Frequency Scaling in Multi-Level Queues by Maryam Elahi, Andrea Marin, Sabina Rossi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IFIP Performance, Milan, Italy, November 2020. (Extended abstract appears in ACM Performance Evaluation Review; full version appears in special issue of Elsevier's Performance Evaluation journal)

The SRPT Service Policy with Frequency Scaling: Modeling, Evaluation, and Optimization (PDF, 670 KB) by Andrea Marin, Isi Mitrani, Maryam Elahi, and Carey Williamson. Markov Processes and Related Fields, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 687-710, 2020. (Extended version of QEST 2018 paper, appearing in Special Issue for Guy Fajolle)

Speed Scaling in Fork-Join Queues: A Comparative Study (PDF, 430 KB) by Andrea Marin, Sabina Rossi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of EAI ValueTools, Tsukuba, Japan, pp. 80-87, May 2020.

MoVIE: A Measurement Tool for Mobile Video Streaming on Smartphones (PDF, 850 KB) by Sina Keshvadi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of ACM/SPEC ICPE 2020, Edmonton, AB, Canada, pp. 230-237, April 2020.

Fair and Efficient Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Using OpenFlow (PDF, 630 KB) by Maryam Elahi, Joel van Egmond, Mea Wang, Carey Williamson, and Jean-Francois Amiot. Companion Proceedings of ACM/SPEC ICPE 2020, Edmonton, AB, Canada, pp. 36-37, April 2020. Poster paper.

2019

Campus-Level Instagram Traffic: A Case Study (PDF, 2.4 MB) by Steffen Berg Klenow, Carey Williamson, Martin Arlitt, and Sina Keshvadi. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2019, Rennes, France, pp. 228-234, October 2019.

Characterization of IMAPS Email Traffic (PDF, 2.4 MB) by Mehdi Karamollahi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2019, Rennes, France, pp. 214-220, October 2019.

2018

A Campus-Level View of Outlook Email Traffic (PDF, 430 KB) by Zhengping Zhang and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network, Communication, and Computing (ICNCC 2018), Taipei, Taiwan, December 2018.

LMS Performance Issues: A Case Study of D2L (PDF, 780 KB) by Sourish Roy, Carey Williamson, and Rachel MacLean. Preprint. Official version appears in ISCA Journal of Computers and Their Applications, Vol. 25, No. 3, September 2018. Invited paper.

Modeling, Analysis, and Characterization of Periodic Network Traffic (PDF, 2.4 MB) by Mackenzie Haffey, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2018, Milwaukee, WI, pp. 170-182, September 2018.

On Saturation Effects in Coupled Speed Scaling (PDF, 250 KB) by Maryam Elahi and Carey Williamson. Extended version with proofs. Official version in Proceedings of QEST 2018, Beijing, China, September 2018.

Control and Optimization of the SRPT Service Policy by Frequency Scaling (PDF, 540 KB) by Andrea Marin, Isi Mitrani, Maryam Elahi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of QEST 2018, Beijing, China, September 2018.

Modeling Compound TCP over WiFi for IoT (PDF, 1.6 MB) by Shiva Pokhrel and Carey Williamson. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 864-878, April 2018.

Why is my LMS so slow? A Case Study of D2L Performance Issues (PDF, 800 KB) by Sourish Roy and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of ISCA Computers and Their Applications (CATA 2018), Las Vegas, NV, pp. 34-39, March 2018.

2017

Experimental Evaluation of Two OpenFlow Controllers (PDF, 1.2 MB) by Mohamad Darianian, Carey Williamson, and Israat Haque. Proceedings of PVE-SDN Workshop, Toronto, ON, Canada, October 2017.

A Campus-Level View of Netflix and Twitch: Characterization and Performance Implications (PDF, 350 KB) by Michel Laterman, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SCS SPECTS 2017, Seattle, WA, July 2017.

Scalability Issues for Remote Sensing Infrastructure: A Case Study by Yang Liu, Sean Picard, and Carey Williamson, Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 1-18, May 2017.

2016

Simulation Modeling for Speed Scaling Designs (PDF, 980 KB) by Maryam Elahi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of ValueTools 2016, Taormina, Italy, October 2016.

Experimental Calibration and Validation of a Speed Scaling Simulator (PDF, 270 KB) by Arsham Skrenes and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2016, pp. 105-114, London, UK, September 2016.

Autoscaling Effects in Speed Scaling Systems (PDF, 190 KB) by Maryam Elahi and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2016, pp. 307-312, London, UK, September 2016.

A Simulator for Distributed Cache Management in Friend-to-Friend Networks (PDF, 680 KB) by Keynan Pratt and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of ACM PADS 2016, pp. 79-82, Banff, AB, May 2016.

Workload Study of a Media-Rich Educational Web Site (PDF, 290 KB) by Yang Liu and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of the Linked Learning (LILE) Workshop, Companion Proceedings of WWW 2016, pp. 495-500, Montreal, QC, April 2016.

2015

Deduping the Internet: An Email Case Study (PDF, 410 KB) by Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE CCECE 2015, pp. 1345-1350, Halifax, NS, May 2015.

2014

Turbocharged Speed Scaling: Analysis and Evaluation (PDF, 470 KB) by Maryam Elahi, Carey Williamson, and Philipp Woelfel. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2014, Paris, France, pp. 41-50, September 2014.

Decoupled Speed Scaling: Analysis and Evaluation
by Maryam Elahi, Carey Williamson, and Philipp Woelfel. Performance Evaluation, Vol. 73, No. 73C, pp. 3-17, March 2014. (Extended version of QEST 2012 paper)

On the Optimal Randomized Clustering in Distributed Sensor Networks (PDF, 600 KB) by Ali Dabirmoghaddam, Majid Ghaderi, and Carey Williamson. Computer Networks, Vol. 59, pp. 17-32, February 2014.

2013

On Zipf Models for Probabilistic Piece Selection in P2P Stored Media Streaming (PDF, 250 KB) by Carey Williamson and Niklas Carlsson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2013, San Francisco, CA, August 2013.

Estimating Instantaneous Cache Hit Ratio Using Markov Chain Analysis
by Hazem Gomaa, Geoff Messier, Carey Williamson, and Bob Davies.
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 1472-1483, October 2013.

Signal Alignment: Enabling Physical Layer Network Coding for MIMO Networking
by Ruiting Zhou, Zongpeng Li, Chuan Wu, and Carey Williamson. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 3012-3023, June 2013.

A Tale of the Tails: Power-Laws in Internet Measurements
by Aniket Mahanti, Niklas Carlsson, Anirban Mahanti, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. IEEE Network, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 59-64, January 2013.

2012

Performance Modeling of Anonymity Protocols
by Niklas Carlsson, Carey Williamson, Andreas Hirt, and Michael Jacobson, Jr.
Performance Evaluation, Vol. 69, No. 12, pp. 643-661, December 2012.

Characterizing Cyberlocker Traffic Flows (PDF, 1.1 MB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Niklas Carlsson, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE Local Computer Networks (LCN) 2012, Clearwater, FL, October 2012.

Navigating Tomorrow's Web: From Searching and Browsing to Visual Exploration
by Marian Doerk, Carey Williamson, and Sheelagh Carpendale. ACM Transactions on the Web, Vol. 6, No. 3, Article 13, September 2012.

Decoupled Speed Scaling: Analysis and Evaluation (PDF, 170 KB)
by Maryam Elahi, Carey Williamson, and Philipp Woelfel. Proceedings of QEST 2012, London, UK, September 2012. Best Paper Award.

Barrier Counting in Mixed Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF, 360 KB)
by Shambhavi Srinivasa, Carey Williamson, and Zongpeng Li. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2012, pp. 359-368, Washington, DC, August 2012.

Content Sharing Dynamics in the Global File Hosting Landscape (PDF, 410 KB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Niklas Carlsson, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2012, pp. 219-228, Washington, DC, August 2012.

Solving the TCP-incast Problem with Application-Level Scheduling (PDF, 215 KB)
by Maxim Podlesny and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2012, pp. 99-106, Washington, DC, August 2012.

Buddy Routing: A Routing Paradigm for NanoNets based on Physical Layer Network Coding (PDF, 960 KB)
by Ruiting Zhou, Zongpeng Li, Chuan Wu, and Carey Williamson. To appear, IEEE ICCCN 2012, Munich, Germany, August 2012.

Delta Graphs for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (PDF, 4.8 MB)
by Ashikur Rahman and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE SECON 2012, Seoul, Korea, June 2012.

Passive Crowd-based Monitoring of World Wide Web Infrastructure and Its Performance (PDF, 290 KB)
by Martin Arlitt, Niklas Carlsson, Carey Williamson, and Jerome Rolia. Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2012, Ottawa, ON, June 2012.

On the Performance of Redundant Traffic Elimination in WLANs (PDF, 250 KB)
by Emir Halepovic, Majid Ghaderi, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of IEEE ICC 2012, Ottawa, ON, June 2012.

Fluid Views: A Zoomable Search Interface (PDF, 7.5 MB)
by Marian Doerk, Sheelagh Carpendale, and Carey Williamson. Proceedings of AVI 2012, pp. 233-240, Capri Island, Italy, May 2012.

Insights on Media Streaming Progress Using BitTorrent-like Protocols for On-Demand Media Streaming (PDF, 900 KB)
by Nadim Parvez, Carey Williamson, Anirban Mahanti, and Niklas Carlsson. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 637-650, June 2012.

Enhancing Redundant Network Traffic Elimination (PDF, 375 KB)
by Emir Halepovic, Carey Williamson, and Majid Ghaderi. Official version appears in Computer Networks, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 795-809, February 2012.

"Low-Overhead Dynamic Sampling for Redundant Traffic Elimination" by Emir Halepovic, Carey Williamson, and Majid Ghaderi. Official version appears in Journal of Communications (JCM), Special Issue on Advances in Communications and Networking II, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 28-38, January 2012. Extended version of ICCCN 2011 paper. Invited.

"Visualizing Explicit and Implicit Relations of Complex Information Spaces" by Marian Doerk, Sheelagh Carpendale, and Carey Williamson. Official version appears in Information Visualization, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 5-21, January 2012. Extended version of VDA 2011 paper. Invited.

Improving TCP Performance in Residential Broadband Networks: A Simple and Deployable Approach
by Maxim Podlesny and Carey Williamson. ACM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 61-68, January 2012.

2011

Experimental Evaluation of Asymmetric QoS in IEEE 802.11g Wireless Networks (PDF, 200 KB)
by Qi Gang (William) Hu, Carey Williamson, and Abraham Fapojuwo, Proceedings of 7th ACM International Symposium on Quality of Service and Security in Wireless and Mobile Networks (Q2SWinet), Miami, FL, November 2011.

Characterizing the File Hosting Ecosystem: A View from the Edge (PDF, 900 KB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Carey Williamson, Niklas Carlsson, Martin Arlitt, and Anirban Mahanti, Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 2011. (Accept rate: 20%) Official version appears in Performance Evaluation, Vol. 68, No. 11, pp. 1085-1102, November 2011.

Physical-Layer Network Coding with Signal Alignment for MIMO Wireless Networks (PDF, 320 KB)
by Ruiting Zhou, Zongpeng Li, Chuan Wu, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of 8th IEEE Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems (MASS), Valencia, Spain, October 2011.

Characterizing Organizational Use of Web-Based Services: Methodology, Challenges, Observations, and Insights (PDF, 900 KB)
by Phillipa Gill, Martin Arlitt, Niklas Carlsson, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson, ACM Transactions on the Web, Vol. 5, No. 4, October 2011.

Delta-Graphs: Flexible Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (PDF, 130 KB)
by Ashikur Rahman and Carey Williamson, Poster paper, Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 2011. Official version appears in ACM Performance Evaluation Review (PER), Vol. 39, No. 2, page 75, September 2011.

On Capacity Maximization in Wireless Relay Networks (PDF, 60 KB)
by Ashikur Rahman, Hanan Shpungin, and Carey Williamson, Poster paper, Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2011, Amsterdam, Netherlands, October 2011. Official version appears in ACM Performance Evaluation Review (PER), Vol. 39, No. 2, page 76, September 2011.

DYNABYTE: A Dynamic Sampling Algorithm for Redundant Content Detection (PDF, 700 KB)
by Emir Halepovic, Carey Williamson, and Majid Ghaderi, Proceedings of 20th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), Maui, Hawaii, August 2011.

Characterizing Intelligence Gathering and Control on an Edge Network (PDF, 900 KB)
by Martin Arlitt, Niklas Carlsson, Phillipa Gill, Aniket Mahanti, and Carey Williamson, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, Vol. 11, No. 1, July 2011.

The Edge of Smartness (PDF, 140 KB)
by Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Data Center Performance (DC-Perf), Minneapolis, MN, June 2011. Invited paper.

An Application-Level Solution to the TCP Incast Problem in Data Center Networks (PDF,
by Maxim Podlesny and Carey Williamson, Poster paper, Proceedings of IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS), San Jose, CA, June 2011.

The Information Flaneur: A Fresh Look at Information Seeking (PDF, 325 KB)
by Marian Doerk, Sheelagh Carpendale, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (CHI) Vancouver, BC, May 2011. (Accept rate: 26%)

Analytical Modeling of Bidirectional Multi-Channel IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocols
by Vandana Gupta, Mingwei Gong, S. Dharmaraja, and Carey Williamson, International Journal of Communication Systems, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 647-655, May 2011.

EdgeMaps: Visualizing Explicit and Implicit Relations (PDF, 4.8 MB)
by Marian Doerk, Sheelagh Carpendale, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of Visualization and Data Analysis (VDA 2011), San Francisco, CA, January 2011. (Accept rate: 57%) Best Paper Award.

2010

Peer-Assisted Caching for Scalable Media Streaming in Wireless Backhaul Networks (PDF, 120 KB)
by Hazem Gomaa, Geoff Messier, Bob Davies, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010, Miami, FL, December 2010. (Accept rate: 36%)

A Visual Backchannel for Large-Scale Events (PDF, 4.2 MB)
by Marian Doerk, Daniel Gruen, Carey Williamson, and Sheelagh Carpendale, Proceedings of IEEE InfoVis 2010, Salt Lake City, UT, October 2010. (Accept rate: 26%) Official version is in IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1129-1138, November/December 2010.

Physics-based Modeling of Skier Mobility and Avalanche Rescue in Mountainous Terrain (PDF, 306 KB)
by Xin Liu, Carey Williamson, and Jon Rokne, Proceedings of ON-MOVE Workshop (IEEE LCN 2010), pp. 661-668, Denver, CO, October 2010.

On Applicability of Random Graphs for Modeling Random Key Predistribution for Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF, 195 KB)
by Tuan Vu, Rei Safavi-Naini, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SSS 2010, pp. 159-175, New York, NY, September 2010. (Accept rate: 43%)

Cluster-based Correlated Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF, 205 KB)
by Ali Dabirmoghaddam, Majid Ghaderi, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, pp. 163-171, Miami, FL, August 2010. (Accept rate: 31%)

Distributed Routing for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Throughput-Delay Tradeoff (PDF, 370 KB)
by Ali Abedi, Majid Ghaderi, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, pp. 47-56, Miami, FL, August 2010. (Accept rate: 31%)

Providing Fairness Between TCP NewReno and TCP Vegas with RD Network Services (PDF, 180 KB)
by Maxim Podlesny and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE IWQoS, Beijing, China, June 2010. (Accept rate: 25%)

Dynamic File-Selection Policies for Bundling in BitTorrent-like Systems (PDF, 160 KB)
by Nissan Lev-tov, Niklas Carlsson, Zongpeng Li, Carey Williamson, and Song Zhang, Proceedings of IEEE IWQoS, Beijing, China, June 2010. (Accept rate: 25%)

Towards Securing MintRoute in Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF, 620 KB)
by Islam Hegazy, Rei Safavi-Naini, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of D-SPAN Workshop, Montreal, Canada, June 2010. (Accept rate: 40%)

Ambient Interference Effects in Wi-Fi Networks (PDF, 5.8 MB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Niklas Carlsson, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt, Proceedings of IFIP Networking, pp. 160-173, Chennai, India, May 2010. (Accept rate: 24%)

Securing Wireless Sensor Networks Against Large-Scale Node Capture Attacks, (PDF, 270 KB)
by Tuan Vu, Rei Safavi-Naini, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of ACM ASIACCS, pp. 112-123, Beijing, China, April 2010. (Accept rate: 15%)

An Analytic Throughput Model for TCP NewReno
by Nadim Parvez, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 448-461, March/April 2010.

2009

Media Caching Support for Mobile Transit Users (PDF, 150 KB)
by Hazem Gomaa, Geoff Messier, Bob Davies, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE WiMob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, pp. 79-84, October 2009.

Simulation Modeling of Secure Wireless Sensor Networks (PDF, 450 KB)
by Tuan Vu, Carey Williamson, and Rei Safavi-Naini, Proceedings of ICST ValueTools 2009, Pisa, Italy, October 2009.

"Enforcing Minimum-Cost Multicast Routing Against Selfish Information Flows" by Zongpeng Li and Carey Williamson, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 1299-1308, September 2009.

Scheduling Issues in Multi-Channel Wireless Networks (PDF, 256 KB)
by Mingwei Gong and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2009, London, UK, pp. 68-77, September 2009.

Optimal Multicast in Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Wireless Networks (PDF, 310 KB)
by Ajay Gopinathan, Zongpeng Li, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2009, London, UK, pp. 225-234, September 2009.

Service Differentiation in Multi-Rate HSDPA Systems (PDF, 152 KB)
by Hongxia Sun and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS 2009, London, UK, pp. 185-192, September 2009.

Workload Characterization of a Large Systems Conference Web Server (PDF, 700 KB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Leanne Wu, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of CNSR, Moncton, NB, May 2009.

Towards Visual Web Search: Interactive Query Formulation and Search Result Visualization (PDF, 1.3 MB)
by Marian Doerk, Carey Williamson, and Sheelagh Carpendale, Proceedings of Web Search Summarization and Presentation (WSSP) Workshop at WWW2009, Madrid, Spain, April 2009.

"Wireless Data Traffic: A Decade of Change" by Emir Halepovic, Carey Williamson, and Majid Ghaderi, IEEE Network, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 20-26, March 2009.

Multimedia Application Performance on a WiMAX Network (PDF, 285 KB)
by Emir Halepovic, Majid Ghaderi, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SPIE MMCN, San Jose, CA, USA, January 2009. (Accept rate: 35%)

2008

Managing Hotspot Regions in Wireless/Cellular Networks with Partial Coverage Picocells (PDF, 165 KB)
by Jingxiang Luo and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of ACM MobiWAC 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 2008.

On Workload Merging and Filtering Effects in Hierarchical Wireless Media Streaming (PDF, 940 KB)
by Jean Cao and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of ACM WMuNeP 2008, Vancouver, BC, Canada, October 2008.

VisGets: Coordinated Visualizations for Web-based Information Exploration and Discovery (PDF, 1.5 MB)
by Marian Doerk, Sheelagh Carpendale, Christopher Collins, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE InfoVis 2008, Columbus, OH, USA, October 2008. (Official version appears as IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 1205-1212, November/December 2008.)

Benchmarking Modern Web Browsers (PDF, 68 KB)
by Jordan Nielson, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt, Proceedings of IEEE HotWeb 2008, Evanston, IL, USA, October 2008.

"Performance Implications of Fluctuating Server Capacity (Extended Version)" by Jingxiang Luo and Carey Williamson, Computer Communications, Vol. 31, No. 16, pp. 3760-3770, October 2008.

TCP over WiMAX: A Measurement Study (PDF, 500 KB)
by Emir Halepovic, Qian Wu, Carey Williamson, and Majid Ghaderi, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS 2008, pp. 327-336, Baltimore, MD, USA, September 2008. (Accept rate: 38%)

Network Information Flow in a Network of Queues (PDF, 140 KB)
by Phillipa Gill, Zongpeng Li, Anirban Mahanti, Jingxiang Luo, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS 2008, pp. 163-170, Baltimore, MD, USA, September 2008. (Accept rate: 38%)

Taxis: Scalable Anonymous Network Communication (PDF, 130 KB)
by Andreas Hirt, Michael Jacobson, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS 2008, pp. 269-278, Baltimore, MD, USA, September 2008. (Accept rate: 38%)

Analysis of BitTorrent-like Protocols for On-Demand Stored Media Streaming (PDF, 200 KB)
by Nadim Parvez, Carey Williamson, Anirban Mahanti, and Niklas Carlsson, Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS 2008, pp. 301-312, Annapolis, Maryland, June 2008. (Accept rate: 18%)

Downlink Performance for Mixed Web/VoIP Traffic in 1xEVDO Rev A Networks (PDF, 150 KB)
by Hongxia Sun and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of ICC 2008, Beijing, China, May 2008. (Accept rate: 35%)

A Comparative Analysis of Web and Peer-to-Peer Traffic (PDF, 4.0 MB)
by Naimul Basher, Aniket Mahanti, Anirban Mahanti, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt, Proceedings of WWW2008, pp. 287-296, Beijing, China, April 2008. (Accept rate: 11%)

TCP Fairness Issues in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (PDF, 710 KB)
by Qian Wu, Mingwei Gong, and Carey Williamson. A revised and improved final version of this paper appears in Computer Communications, 2008.

2007

TCP Vegas Performance with Streaming Media (PDF, 330 KB)
by Sean Boyden, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE IPCCC, New Orleans, LA, April 2007.

Identifying and Discriminating Between Web and Peer-to-Peer Traffic in the Network Core (PDF, 860 KB)
by Jeffrey Erman, Anirban Mahanti, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of WWW2007, pp. 883-892, Banff, AB, May 2007. (Accept rate: 15%)

The Extensive Challenges of Internet Application Measurement (PDF, 140 KB)
by Martin Arlitt and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in IEEE Network, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 41-46, May 2007.

Assessing the Completeness of Wireless-side Tracing Mechanisms (PDF, 1.4 MB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE WoWMoM, Helsinki, Finland, June 2007. (Accept rate: 32%)

An Analytical Model for Wireless Networks with Stochastic Capacity (PDF, 240 KB)
by Hongxia Sun, S. Dharmaraja, Carey Williamson, and Vaneeta Jindal, Proceedings of SCS SPECTS, San Diego, CA, USA, July 2007.

Performance Implications of Fluctuating Server Capacity (PDF, 140 KB)
by Jingxiang Luo and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SCS SPECTS, San Diego, CA, USA, July 2007.

Comparing Wired-side and Wireless-side WLAN Monitoring: A Case Study (PDF, 630 KB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Carey Williamson, Martin Arlitt, and Anirban Mahanti, Proceedings of IEEE WLN, pp. 901-910, Dublin, Ireland, October 2007. (Accept rate: 34%)

On Processor Sharing and its Application to Cellular Data Network Provisioning (PDF, 1.8 MB)
by Yujing Wu, Carey Williamson, and Jingxiang Luo, Performance Evaluation, Vol. 64, No. 9-12, pp. 892-908, October 2007. (Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2007, Cologne, Germany. Accept rate: 22%)

Remote Analysis of a Distributed WLAN Using Passive Wireless-Side Measurement (PDF, 2.3 MB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Carey Williamson, and Martin Arlitt, Performance Evaluation, Vol. 64, No. 9-12, pp. 909-932, October 2007. (Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2007, Cologne, Germany.)

Offline/Realtime Traffic Classification Using Semi-Supervised Learning (PDF, 1.6 MB)
by Jeffrey Erman, Anirban Mahanti, Martin Arlitt, Ira Cohen, and Carey Williamson, Performance Evaluation, Vol. 64, No. 9-12, pp. 1194-1213, October 2007. (Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2007, Cologne, Germany.)

Performance Benchmarking of Wireless Web Servers (PDF, 660 KB)
by Guangwei Bai, Kehinde Oladosu, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 5, pp. 392-412, 2007.

2006

Impact of Stochastic Traffic Characteristics on Effective Capacity in CDMA Networks (PDF, 210 KB)
by Hongxia Sun, Qian Wu, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper is to appear in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Performance and Management of Wireless and Mobile Networks (P2MNet), Tampa, FL, November 2006. (Accept rate: 38%)

Towards Stadium-Scale Wireless Media Streaming (PDF, 420 KB)
by Jean Cao and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Monterey, California, pp. 33-42, September 2006. (Accept rate: 36%)

A Longitudinal Study of Peer-to-Peer Traffic Classification (PDF, 580 KB)
by Alok Madhukar and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Monterey, California, pp. 179-188, September 2006. (Accept rate: 36%)

On Effective Capacity in Time Varying Wireless Networks (PDF, 130 KB)
by Hongxia Sun and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the SCS Symposium on the Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), Calgary, AB, August 2006.

An Evolutionary Approach to Optimal Web Proxy Cache Placement (PDF, 460 KB)
by Gwen Houtzager, Christian Jacob, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Vancouver, BC, July 2006.

On Pricing Strategies for Stochastic Capacity Networks (PDF, 72 KB)
by Carey Williamson and Hongxia Sun. The official version of this paper appeared in the IASTED Conference on Communication Systems and Applications (CSA), Banff, AB, July 2006.

A Station-Based Adaptation Algorithm to Improve Robustness of IEEE 802.11 (PDF, 260 KB)
by Jean Cao, Yujing Wu, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile, and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Buffalo, NY, pp. 410-418, June 2006. (Accept rate: 33%)

On Channel Selection Strategies for Multi-Channel MAC Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (PDF, 125 KB)
by Ian Wormsbecker and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking, and Communications (WiMob), Montreal, QC, pp. 212-220, June 2006. (Accept rate: 33%)

TCP NewReno: Slow-but-Steady or Impatient? (PDF, 370 KB)
by Nadim Parvez, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Istanbul, Turkey, June 2006.

Queue Management Strategies to Improve TCP Fairness in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (PDF, 330 KB)
by Mingwei Gong, Qian Wu, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Resource Allocation in Wireless Networks (RAWNET), Boston, MA, April 2006.

Revisiting Unfairness in Web Server Scheduling (PDF, 790 KB)
by Mingwei Gong and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Computer Networks, Vol. 50, pp. 2183-2203, 2006.

2005

Characterization of CDMA2000 Cellular Data Network Traffic (PDF, 190 KB)
by Carey Williamson, Emir Halepovic, Hongxia Sun, and Yujing Wu. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of 5th IEEE International Workshop on Wireless Local Networks (WLN), Sydney, Australia, pp. 712-719, November 2005.

Characterizing and Modeling User Mobility in a Cellular Data Network (PDF, 490 KB)
by Emir Halepovic and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of 2nd ACM Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Wireless Ad Hoc, Sensor, and Ubiquitous Networks (PE-WASUN), Montreal, QC, pp. 71-78, October 2005.

A Practical Buses Protocol for Anonymous Internet Communication (PDF, 80 KB)
by Andreas Hirt, Michael Jacobson, and Carey Williamson. A version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Privacy, Security, and Trust (PST), St. Andrews, New Brunswick, pp. 233-236, October 2005.

Impacts of Data Call Characteristics on Multi-Service CDMA System Capacity (PDF, 400 KB)
by Yujing Wu and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Performance Evaluation, Volume 62, for the Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2005, Juan-les-Pins, France, pp. 83-99, October 2005.

MRMC: A Multi-Rate Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for Multi-Radio Wireless LANs (PDF, 200 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang, Qian Wu, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the 2005 Workshop on Performance of Wireless Networks and Communication Systems (WiNCS), Philadelphia, PA, pp. 263-272, July 2005.

Dynamic Channel Rate Assignment for Multi-Radio WLANs (PDF, 100 KB)
by Qian Wu and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the IASTED Conference on Wireless Networks and Emerging Technologies (WNET), Banff, AB, pp. 149-154, July 2005.

Simulation Evaluation of Call Dropping Policies for Stochastic Capacity Networks (PDF, 160 KB)
by Hongxia Sun and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of the SCS Symposium on the Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), Philadelphia, PA, pp. 327-336, July 2005.

An FPGA-based Network Processor for IP Packet Compression (PDF, 200 KB)
by Dan Munteanu and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of SCS SPECTS 2005, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 599-608, July 2005.

Characterizing the Behaviour of RealVideo Streams (PDF, 260 KB)
by Sean Boyden, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of SCS SPECTS 2005, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 783-791, July 2005. (Accept rate: 37%)

Locality Characteristics of Web Streams Revisited (PDF, 150 KB)
by Aniket Mahanti, Anirban Mahanti, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of SCS SPECTS 2005, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 795-803, July 2005.

Web Workload Characterization: Ten Years Later (PDF, 590 KB)
by Adepele Williams, Martin Arlitt, Carey Williamson, and Ken Barker. Book chapter. 2005.

Wireless Web Performance Issues (PDF, 450 KB)
by Carey Williamson. Book chapter. 2005.

Media Streaming Performance in a Portable Wireless Classroom Network (PDF, 2.1 MB)
by Xiaozhen (Jean) Cao, Guangwei Bai, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IASTED European Workshop on Internet Multimedia Systems and Applications (EuroIMSA), Grindelwald, Switzerland, pp. 246-252, February 2005

An Analysis of TCP Reset Behaviour on the Internet (PDF, 175 KB)
by Martin Arlitt and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in ACM Computer Communication Review, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 37-44, January 2005.

2004

Multi-Layer Analysis of Web Browsing Performance for Wireless PDAs (PDF, 140 KB)
by Adesola Omotayo and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE WLN 2004, Tampa, FL, pp. 660-667, November 2004

A Bidirectional Multichannel MAC Protocol for Improving TCP Performance on Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (PDF, 300 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of ACM/IEEE MSWiM, Venice, Italy, pp. 301-310, October 2004

Experimental Evaluation of TCP Performance in Multi-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (PDF, 170 KB)
by Abhinav Gupta, Ian Wormsbecker, and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Volendam, Netherlands, pp. 3-11, October 2004

A Hysteresis Model for Web/TCP Transfer Latency (PDF, 340 KB)
by Yujian (Peter) Li and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Volendam, Netherlands, pp. 167-174, October 2004

Simulation Evaluation of Hybrid SRPT Scheduling Policies (PDF, 210 KB)
by Mingwei Gong and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Volendam, Netherlands, pp. 355-363, October 2004

Time-Domain Analysis of Web Cache Filter Effects (PDF, 1.3 MB)
by Guangwei Bai and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Performance Evaluation, Vol. 58, No. 2-3, pp. 285-317, October 2004.

Hierarchical Analysis of RealMedia Streaming Traffic on an IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN (PDF, 550 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Elsevier Computer Communications Vol. 27, pp. 538-548, 2004.

The Effects of Mobility on Wireless Media Streaming Performance (PDF, 600 KB)
by Guangwei Bai and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of Wireless Networks and Emerging Technologies (WNET), Banff, AB, Canada, pp. 596-601, July 2004

Network Traffic Measurements of a Wireless Classroom Network (PDF, 600 KB)
by Nuha Kamaluddeen and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Calgary, AB, Canada, pp. 560-570, July 2004

Understanding Web Server Configuration Issues (PDF, 420 KB)
by Martin Arlitt and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Software: Practice and Experience, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 163-186, February 2004.

2003

Performance Benchmarking of Dynamic Web Technologies (Extended Version) (PDF, 230 KB)
by Lance Titchkosky, Martin Arlitt, and Carey Williamson. This is an extended version of a short paper that appeared in Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), Orlando, FL, October 2003. An updated version appeared in ACM Performance Evaluation Review.

Quantifying the Properties of SRPT Scheduling (PDF, 720 KB)
by Mingwei Gong and Carey Williamson. This is an extended version of a paper that appeared at IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Orlando, FL, October 2003.

A Packet-Level Simulation Study of Optimal Web Proxy Cache Placement (PDF, 270 KB)
by Gwen Houtzager and Carey Williamson. This is an extended version of a paper that appeared at IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Orlando, FL, October 2003.

Simulation Evaluation of Wireless Web Performance in an IEEE 802.11b Classroom Area Network (PDF, 520 KB)
by Guangwei Bai and Carey Williamson. The official version of this paper appeared in Proceedings of IEEE WLN 2003, Bonn, Germany, pp. 663-672, October 2003.

Network-Level Impacts on User-Level Web Performance (PDF, 750 KB)
by Carey Williamson and Nayden Markatchev, Proceedings of SCS Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), Montreal, PQ, July 2003

Diagnosing Wireless TCP Performance Problems: A Case Study (PDF, 280 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang, Fang Xiao, and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SCS Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), Montreal, PQ, July 2003

Hybrid Packet/Fluid Flow Network Simulation (PDF, 140 KB)
by Cam Kiddle, Rob Simmonds, Carey Williamson, and Brian Unger Proceedings of ACM 17th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS), San Diego, CA, pp. 143-152, June 2003

2002

WebTraff: A GUI for Web Proxy Cache Workload Modeling and Analysis (PDF, 720 KB)
by Nayden Markatchev and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), Fort Worth, TX, pp. 356-363, October 2002

Workload Characterization in Web Caching Hierarchies (PDF, 600 KB)
by Guangwei Bai and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MASCOTS, Fort Worth, TX, pp. 13-22, October 2002

A Case Study of Web Server Benchmarking Using Parallel WAN Emulation (PDF, 330 KB)
by Carey Williamson, Rob Simmonds, and Martin Arlitt. This is an extended version of a paper that appears in Performance Evaluation, Vol. 49, No. 1-4, pp. 111-127, September 2002 (Proceedings of IFIP Performance 2002 conference, Rome, Italy, September 2002) It has the HTTP/1.1 experiments with the IP-TNE network emulator.

A Measurement Study of RealMedia Audio/Video Streaming Traffic (PDF, 540 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of SPIE ITCOM, Boston, MA, pp. 68-79, July 2002

RealMedia Streaming Performance on an IEEE 802.11b Wireless LAN (PDF, 330 KB)
by Tianbo Kuang and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IASTED Wireless and Optical Communications (WOC) Conference, Banff, AB, Canada, pp. 306-311, July 2002

Time-Domain Analysis of Web Cache Filter Effects (PDF, 660 KB)
by Guangwei Bai and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of Symposium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (SPECTS), San Diego, CA, pp. 195-205, July 2002

ProWGen: A Synthetic Workload Generation Tool for the Simulation Evaluation of Web Proxy Caches (PDF, 350 KB)
by Mudashiru Busari and Carey Williamson, Computer Networks, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 779-794, June 2002

A Case for Context-Aware TCP/IP (PDF, 150 KB)
by Carey Williamson and Qian Wu, ACM Performance Evaluation Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 11-23, March 2002

On Filter Effects in Web Caching Hierarchies (PDF, 880 KB)
by Carey Williamson, ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 47-77, February 2002

2001

Web Server Benchmarking Using Parallel WAN Emulation and HTTP/1.0 (PDF, 340 KB)
by Rob Simmonds, Carey Williamson, Russell Bradford, Martin Arlitt, and Brian Unger, Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, November 2001. This is an early early version of the Web/IP-TNE paper, using only HTTP/1.0 workloads. A two-page poster version of this paper appeared in the Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS Conference, Marina del Rey, CA, pp. 286-287, June 2002.

A Tutorial on Internet Traffic Measurement (PDF, 155 KB)
by Carey Williamson, IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 70-74, November/December 2001

Simulation Evaluation of a Heterogeneous Web Proxy Caching Hierarchy (PDF, 160 KB)
by Mudashiru Busari and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, Cincinatti, OH, pp. 379-388, August 2001

Improving Ensemble-TCP Performance on Asymmetric Networks (PDF, 100 KB)
by Qian Wu and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, Cincinatti, OH, pp. 205-214, August 2001

2000

Temporal Locality and its Impact on Web Proxy Cache Performance (PDF, 265 KB)
by Anirban Mahanti, Derek Eager, and Carey Williamson, Performance Evaluation (Special Issue on Internet Performance Modelling), Vol. 42, No. 2/3, pp. 187-203, September 2000

Traffic Analysis of a Web Proxy Caching Hierarchy (PDF, 450 KB)
by Anirban Mahanti, Carey Williamson, and Derek Eager, IEEE Network (Special Issue on Web Performance), Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 16-23, May/June 2000

A Performance Comparison on Monofractal and Multifractal Traffic Streams (PDF, 100 KB)
by Ram Balakrishnan and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, San Francisco, CA, August 2000

The synTraff Suite of Traffic Modeling Toolkits (PDF, 200 KB)
by Ram Balakrishnan and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, San Francisco, CA, August 2000

1999

Web Proxy Workload Characterization (PDF, 310 KB)
by Anirban Mahanti and Carey Williamson, Technical Report, Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, February 1999

CAC Performance with Self-Similar Traffic: Simulation Study and Performance Results (PDF, 220 KB)
by Yanping Wang, Carey Williamson, and Julie Doerksen, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, College Park, MD, pp. 102-111, October 1999

Performance and Robustness Testing of Explicit-Rate ABR Flow Control Schemes (PDF, 440 KB)
by Milan Zoranovic and Carey Williamson, Proceedings of IEEE MASCOTS, College Park, MD, pp. 10-19, October 1999

Last Updated October 2022