Tentative Readings for Fall 2005

1. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G., and Beale, R. 
   Chapter 13: Groupware  463-508  
   in Human Computer Interaction, 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall. 1998
2. Ellis, C., Gibbs, & Rein, G.
   Groupware: Some Issues and Experiences. Communications of the ACM, 34(1), January 1991.
3. Grudin, Jonathan
   Why CSCW Applications Fail: Problems in the Design and Evaluation of Organizational Interfaces. p85-93, Proc CSCW, ACM Press. 1988
4. (optional) Baecker, R. Grudin, J., Buxton, W. and Greenberg, S. (1996)
   Chapter 11: Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. In Readings in Human Computer Interaction: Towards the Year 2000, Morgan-Kaufmann p741-753. 1995
5. (optional) Grudin, J. and Poltrock, S.
   Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Groupware.  In M. Zelkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Computers, Vol. 45, pp. 269-320. Orlando: Academic Press. 1997.

1. Dix, A., Finlay, J., Abowd, G., and Beale, R. 
   Chapter 14: CSCW and Social Issues.  463-509  
   in Human Computer Interaction, 2nd Edition. Prentice Hall. 1998
2. Clark and Brennan
   Grounding in Communication. Republished in R. Baecker, Readings in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-Human Collaboration. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, p222-234, 1992.
3. (optional) Clark, H. (1996) Using language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56745-9.

1. Whittaker, S. and O'Conaill, B.
   The Role of Vision in Face-to-Face and Mediated Communication. In K. Finn, A. Sellen and S. Wilbur (Eds) Video-Mediated Communications. LEA Press. 1997
2. Angiolillo, J., Blanchard, H., Israelski, E. and Mane, A.
   Technology Constraints of Video-Mediated Communication. In K. Finn, A. Sellen and S. Wilbur (Eds) Video-Mediated Communications. LEA Press.  1997)
3. (optional) Isaacs, E. and Tang, J.
   Studying Video-Based Collaboration in Context: From Small Workgroups to Large Organizations. In K. Finn, A. Sellen and S. Wilbur (Eds) Video-Mediated Communications. LEA Press. 1997
4. (optional) Fish, R., Kraut, R. and Chalfonte, B.
   The VideoWindow System in Informal Communications. Proc. ACM CSCW'90. 1-11. 1990

1. Grudin, J.
   Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers. Communications of the ACM, 37(1), 92-105, 1994.
2. Kraut, R.
   Applying social psychology theory to the problems of group work. Working draft 3c, 2002, The final version appears in J. Carrol (Ed.). HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks: Towards a Multidisiciplinary Science. Morgan Kaufmann. 2005. Also available from the author.
3. (optional) Weick, Karl E.
   Cosmos vs. Chaos: Sense and Nonsense in Electronic Contexts. Organizational Dynamics, 14(2), 51-64. 1985

1. SDGToolkit software. Includes download, documentation, examples, and source.
2. Tse, E. and Greenberg, S. (2004)
   Rapidly Prototyping Single Display Groupware through the SDGToolkit. Proc Fifth Australasian User Interface Conference, Volume 28 in the CRPIT Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology Series, (Dunedin, NZ January), Australian Computer Society Inc., p101-110
3. (video) Tse, E. and Greenberg. S. (2004)
   SDG Toolkit. Video Proceedings of the ACM CSCW Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. (November 6-10, Chicago, Illinois). ACM Press. Video and abstract, duration 3:55.

1. Kraut, R., Egido, C. and Galegher, J.
   Patterns of Contact and Communication in Scientific Research Collaboration. p149-171, in Intellectual Teamwork, LEA Press. (1990)
2. Whittaker, S., Frohlich, D. and Daly-Jones, O.
   Informal workplace communication: what is it like and how might we support it? Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. April 1994
3. (optional) Clark and Brennan
   Grounding in Communication. Republished in R. Baecker, Readings in Groupware and Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Assisting Human-Human Collaboration. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, p222-234, 1992.

1. Bly, S., Harrison, S. and Irwin, S.
   Media spaces: bringing people together in a video, audio, and computing environment. Communications of the ACM, Volume 36 Issue 1, January 1993
2. Dourish, P. and Bly, S.
   Portholes: Supporting Awareness in a Distributed Work Group. Proc. ACM CHI'92, 541-547. 1992.
3. Fish, R., Kraut, R., Root, R. and Rice R.
   Evaluating Video as a Technology for Informal Communication. Proc. ACM CHI'92, 37-48.  1992.
4. (optional) Lee, A., Girgensohn, A. and Schlueter, K. NYNEX Portholes: Initial User Reactions and Redesign Implications. Proc ACM Group'97, p385-394. (1997) 
5. (optional) Root, R. (1988)
   Design of a Multi-Media Vehicle for Social Browsing. Proc. ACM CSCW'88, 25-38. 1988

1. Tang, J.C. 
   Findings from Observational Studies of Collaborative Work. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34(2), February 1991. See also his earlier paper.
2. Pinelle, D., Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S. (2003)
   Task Analysis for Groupware Usability Evaluation: Modeling Shared-Workspace Tasks with the Mechanics of Collaboration. ACM Transactions on Human Computer Interaction, 10(4), December, 281-311. Special issue on multiple and collaborative tasks.
   • Read Sections 1 - 4, with Section 4 being the most important one.
3. Gutwin, C. and Greenberg, S.
   Design for Individuals, Design for Groups: Tradeoffs between power and workspace awareness. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. p207-216, ACM Press. 1998
4. (optional) Xerox PARC
   Observations on the Use of Shared Drawing Spaces. Video, Duration 14:24. 1990. Available from Saul
5. (optional) Baker, K., Greenberg, S. and Gutwin, C. (2001) Heuristic Evaluation of Groupware Based on the Mechanics of Collaboration.  In M.R. Little and L. Nigay (Eds) Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction (8th IFIP International Conference, EHCI 2001, Toronto, Canada, May), Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 2254, p123-139, Springer-Verlag.
   • Another paper describing a variation of the mechanics of collaboration

1. Video Presentation by Mike Boyle: Part A and Part B (large files)
2. Slides used in his video presentation
3. Demos used in his video presentation: Demo1, Demo3 and Demo4
4. Collabrary software. Includes download, documentation, examples.
5. .NETWORKING software. Includes download, documentation, examples.
6. Boyle, M. and Greenberg, S. (2005)
   Rapidly Prototyping Multimedia Groupware. Proceedings of the 11th Int’l Conference on Distributed Multimedia Systems (DMS’05), (Sep 5-7, Banff) Knowledge Systems Institute, IL, USA.

1. Dourish, P. and Bellotti, V. Awareness and Coordination in Shared Workspaces. In Proc. CSCW'92 (Toronto, 1992), pp. 107-114.
2. Gutwin, C., Greenberg, S. and Roseman, M. (1996). Workspace Awareness in Real-Time Distributed Groupware: Framework, Widgets, and Evaluation. in Sasse, R.J., A. Cunningham, and R. Winder, Editors. People and Computers XI (Proceedings of the HCI'96), pages 281-298, Springer-Verlag.  
3. (optional) Gutwin, C., Roseman, M. and Greenberg, S. (1996). A Usability Study of Awareness Widgets in a Shared Workspace Groupware System. Proceedings of ACM CSCW'96 Conference on Supported Cooperative Work, Boston, Mass., November 16-20, ACM Press.

1. Churchill, E., Nelson, L. and Denoue, L. (2003).
   Multimedia fliers: Information Sharing With Digital Community Bulletin Boards, in Communities and Technologies 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Sept 2003, Wolters Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2. Mynatt, E. (1999).
   The Writing on the Wall, in Proceedings of the IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (Interact 1999; Edinburgh, United Kingdom).

3. Mynatt, E., Igarashi, T., Edwards, W. and LaMarca, A. (1999).
   Flatland: New Dimensions in Office Whiteboards, in Proceedings of the 1999 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 1999), ACM Press, pp. 346-353.

4. (optional) Xiao, Y., Lasome, C., Moss, J. and Mackenzie, C. (2001).
   Cognitive Properties of a Whiteboard: A Case Study in a Trauma Centre, in Proceedings of the Seventh European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 2001, pp. 259-278.

1. Lauwers, J., Keith Lantz
   Collaboration awareness in support of collaboration transparency: requirements for the next generation of shared window systems. Proc ACM CHI'90 Human factors in computing system. p303-311. April, 1990.
2. Richardson, T., Stafford-Fraser, Q., Wood, K. and Hopper, A.
   Virtual Network Computing. IEEE Internet Computing. Vol. 2, No. 1. p33-39. January/February, 1998.
3. (optional) Stotts, D., Smith, J. M., and Gyllstrom, K.
   FaceSpace: endo- and exo-spatial hypermedia in the transparent video facetop. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (Santa Cruz, CA, USA, August 09 - 13, 2004). HYPERTEXT '04. ACM Press, 48-57. 2004.

1. Phidgets .NET software. Includes download, documentation, examples, and source.
2. Phidgets commercial site. Where to by them, and other software to use it.
3. Greenberg, S. and Fitchett, C.
   Phidgets: Easy Development of Physical Interfaces through Physical Widgets. Proceedings of the UIST 2001 14th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, November 11-14, Orlando, Florida, p209-218, ACM Press. Includes video figure (2001)

1. Pederson, E. R., & Sokoler, T. (1997)
   AROMA: abstract representation of presence supporting mutual awareness. Proceedings CHI '97, ACM Press.
2. Smith, I. and Hudson, S.
   Low Disturbance Audio For Awareness and Privacy in Media Space Applications. ACM Multimedia 1995, Nov 5-9, California.

1. Special issue: The Blogosphere Communications of the ACM, 47(12), 2004. Articles include:

   Introduction, Andrew Rosenbloom Pages: 30 - 33

   Structure and evolution of blogspace, Ravi Kumar, Jasmine Novak, Prabhakar Raghavan, Andrew Tomkins, Pages: 35 - 39

   Why we blog, Bonnie A. Nardi, Diane J. Schiano, Michelle Gumbrecht, Luke Swartz Pages: 41 - 46

   Semantic blogging and decentralized knowledge management, Steve Cayzer Pages: 47 - 52

   How blogging software reshapes the online community, Rebecca Blood Pages: 53 - 55

   Democracy and filtering, Cass R. Sunstein Pages: 57 - 59

2. Bar-Ilan, J. (2004).
   An Outsider’s View on “Topic-oriented” Blogging. Proceedings of the 13th international WWW conference, 28-34.
3. Carter, S. (2005).
   The role of the author in topical blogs. Proceedings CHI 2005 (April 2-7, Portland, OR), 1256-1259.
4. Krishnamurthy, S. (2002).
   The Multidimensionality of Blog Conversations: The Virtual Enactment of September 11. In Maastricht, The Netherlands: Internet Research 3.0.

5. Nardi, B.A., Schiano, D.J., & Gumbrecht, M. (2004).
   Blogging as social activity, or, Would you let 900 million people read your diary? Proceedings CSCW 2004. (Nov 6-10, Chicago, IL). ACM Press.

6. Schiano, D.J., Nardi, B.A., Gumbrecht, M., & Swartz, L. (2004).
   Blogging by the rest of us. Proceedings CHI 2004 (April 24-29, Vienna, Austria), 1143-1146.
7. Weiss, A. (2004).
   Your blog?: who gives a @*#%! netWorker, 8(1), 40-ff.

1. Nardi, B. A., Whittaker, S., and Bradner, E. 2000.
   Interaction and outeraction: instant messaging in action. In Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States). CSCW '00. ACM Press, New York, NY, 79-88.
2. Cameron, A. and Webster, J.
   Unintended consequences of emerging communication technologies: Instant Messaging in the workplace. computers and Human Behaviour 21, 85-105, 2005.
3. Isaacs, Ellen, Walendowski, Alan,  Whittaker, Steve.,  Schiano, Diane & Kamm, Candace
   The Character, Functions, and Styles of Instant Messaging in the Workplace. Proc ACM CSCW 2002, 11-20. ACM Press.
4. Herbsleb, J., Atkins, D., Boyer, D., Handel, M. and Finholt, T.
   Introducing Instant Messaging and Chat in the Workplace. ACM CHI 2002, p171-178.
5. Grinter, R. and Palen, L.
   Instant Messaging in Teen Life. Proc ACM CSCW 2002, 21-30, ACM Press.

1. William C. Hill, James D. Hollan, Dave Wroblewski, Tim McCandless
   Edit wear and read wear. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, June 1992
2. Tam, J., and Greenberg, S. (In Press - Accepted May 2005)
   A Framework for Asynchronous Change Awareness in Collaborative Documents and Workspaces. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, Elsevier.

1. Rich Ling
   The Mobile Connection : The Cell Phone's Impact on Society. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Interactive Technologies. 2004. Book on order.
2. James E. Katz  Mark Aakhus (Editors)
   Perpetual Contact : Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance . Cambridge University Press, 2002. Book on order.

These readings survey various architectures for real time distributed groupware.

1. Greenberg, S. and Roseman, M. (1999).
   Groupware Toolkits for Synchronous Work. In M. Beaudouin-Lafon, editor, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (Trends in Software 7), Chapter 6, p135-168, John Wiley & Sons Ltd
2. Patterson, J., Day, M. and Kucan, J. (1996)
   Notification Servers for Synchronous Groupware. Proceedings of ACM CSCW'96 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work p.122-129, ACM Press.
3. (optional) Fitzpatrick, G. and Kaplan, S. (In submission)
   Supporting Public Availability and Accessibility with Elvin. J CSCW, 11(3) 2002. Submission copy.
4. (optional) Phillips, W.G., and Graham, N. (2000)
   Software Architectures for Multiuser Interactive Systems. An early version was published as W. Greg Phillips. Architectures for Synchronous Groupware. Technical Report 1999-425, Dept of Computing and Information Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, May 1999.
5. (optional) Ramduny, D., Dix, A. and Rodden, T. (1998)
   Exploring the Design Space for Notification Servers. Proceedings of ACM CSCW'98 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work p.227-235, ACM Press.

Technical and some behavioural foundations for how people share a single display

1. Stefik, M.. Gregg Foster, Daniel Bobrow, Kenneth Kahn, Stan Lanning, Lucy Suchman
   Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer support for collaboration and problem solving in meetings. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 30, No. 1. p32-47. January, 1987.
2. Stefik, M., Daniel Bobrow, Gregg Foster, Stan Lanning, Deborah Tatar
   WYSIWIS Revised: Early Experiences with Multiuser Interfaces. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems. Vol. 5, No. 2. p147-167. April, 1987.
3. Tatar, Deborah G., Gregg Foster, Daniel G. Bobrow
   Chapter 4: Design for conversation: lessons from Cognoter. In: Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Ed. Ronald M. Baecker. Morgan Kaufmann. p55-79. 1993.
4. (video) Xerox PARC
   Experiments  in Computer Support for Teamwork (CoLab). ACM CHI'88:SIGGRAPH Video Review, Issue 58.  Video, Duration 11:28. January, 1988. Available from Saul

All the systems below are somewhat derived from Tang's "Findings from observational studies" paper. Read his paper first and the video "Observations on the Use of Shared Drawing Spaces", which features Commune at the end.

1. Bly, Sara and Minneman, Scott 
   Commune: a shared drawing surface. ACM SIGOIS Bulletin, Proc of the conference on Office information systems. Vol. 11, Issue 2-3. p184-192. March, 1990.
2. Greenberg, S., Roseman, M., Webster, D. and Bohnet, R. (1992).
   Human and technical factors of distributed group drawing tools. Interacting with Computers, 4(1), p364-392. Butterworth-Heinemann.
3. Tang, John and Minneman, Scott
   VideoDraw: a video interface for collaborative drawing. ACM CHI'90 Human factors in computing system. p313-320. April, 1990.
4. (video) Saul Greenberg, Ralph Bohnet, Mark Roseman, David Webster
   GroupSketch. ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review, 87. Special Edition of the CSCW'92 Technical Video Program. November, 1992. Video, Duration 8:53, Available from Saul
5. (video) Tang, J.
   Various video excerpts of Videodraw and Videowhiteboard. Available from Saul
6. (video) Ishii, Hiroshi 
   Towards Seamless Communication: From TeamWorkstation to ClearBoard
   NTT, ACM CSCW '92, SIGGRAPH Video Review #87. 1992. Video, Available from Saul
7. (optional) Ishii, Kobayashi, and Grudin (1993) Integration of interpersonal space and shared workspace: Clearboard design and experiments. ACM TOIS. Reprinted in Greenberg, S. (1995) Groupware for Real Time Drawing: A Designer's Guide. McGraw Hill.

Technical and some behavioural foundations for how people share a single display

1. Bier, E. and Freeman, S.
   MMM: A User Interface Architecture for Shared Editors on a Single Screen. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, 79-86. 1991. Note: A good video of MMM is also available.
2. Stewart, J., Bederson. B. and Druin, A.
   Single Display Groupware: A Model for Co-Present Collaboration. Proceedings of ACM CHI 99 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1999 v.1 286-293.
3. Druin, A., Stewart, J., Proft, D., Bederson, B. and Hollan, J.
   KidPad: A Design Collaboration Between Children, Technologists, and Educators. Proceedings of ACM CHI 97 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1997 v.1, 463-470.
4. (optional) Inkpen, K., Booth, K. S. and Klawe, M. & Upitis, R.
   Playing Together Beats Playing Apart, Especially for Girls, Proceedings of the ACM Conference
   on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL '95), Bloomington. 1995
5. (optional) Myers, B., Stiel, H. and Gargiulo, R.
   Collaboration Using Multiple PDAs Connected to a PC.  Proceedings of ACM CSCW'98 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 285-294. 1998

Tabletops and large displays have, because of their form factor, unique properties that can be exploited by technologies.

1. Scott, S.D., Grant, K.D., & Mandryk, R.L.
   System Guidelines for Co-located, Collaborative Work on a Tabletop Display. Proceedings of ECSCW'03, European Conference Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 2003, Helsinki, Finland, September 14-18, 2003.
2. Scott, S.D., Carpendale, M.S.T, & Inkpen, K.M.
   Territoriality in Collaborative Tabletop Workspaces. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)'04, November 6-10, 2004, Chicago, IL, USA. 2004.
3. Kruger, R., Carpendale, M.S.T., Scott, S.D., and Greenberg, S.
   Roles of Orientation in Tabletop Collaboration: Comprehension, Coordination and Communication. J Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 13(5-6), pp. 501-537, Kluwer Press. 2004

1. Greenberg S. and Roseman, M.
   Using a Room Metaphor to Ease Transitions in Groupware. In M. Ackerman, V. Pipek, V. Wulf (Eds) Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management, 203-256,  January, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press. (2003).
2. Harrison, Steve and Dourish, Paul
   Re-place-ing space: the roles of place and space in collaborative systems.   Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, November 1996
3. Fitzpatrick G., Mansfield T., and Kaplan S. (1996). Locales framework: Exploring foundations for collaboration support. In Proceedings of the OzCHI'96 Sixth Australian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction, pp. 34-41, Hamilton, New Zealand, November 24-27, IEEE Computer Society Press.
4. (optional) Greenberg, S., Fitzpatrick, G., Gutwin, C. and Kaplan, S. (2000).
   Adapting the Locales Framework for Heuristic Evaluation of Groupware. Australian Journal of Information Systems (AJIS) 7(2), 102-108, May. (First published in Proceedings of the OZCHI'99 Australian Conference on Human Computer Interaction, November 28-30, Wagga Wagga Australia).
5. (optional) Pavel Curtis
   Mudding: Social Phenomena in Text-Based Virtual Realities.  Conference on Directions and Implications of Advanced Computing (DIAC'92), sponsored by Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility. p1-21. May, 1992.

1. Jancke, G., Venolia, G., Grudin, J., Cadiz, J., Gupta, A.
   Linking public spaces: Technical and social issues. In Proceedings of the ACM/SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2001) (Seattle, WA). ACM, New York, 530–537. 2001.
2. Boyle, M. and Greenberg, S. (2005)
   The Language of Privacy: Learning from Video Media Space Analysis and Design. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI). 12 (2), June, 328-370, ACM Press.

1. Gutwin, C. (2002)
   Traces: Visualizing the Immediate Past to Support Group Interaction. Proceedings of the Conference on Human-Computer Interaction and Computer Graphics (GI'02), Calgary, Morgan Kaufman, 43-50.
2. Viégas F., Perry, E., Howe, E. and Donath, J.
   Artifacts of the Presence Era: Using Information Visualization to Create an Evocative Souvenir.  InfoVis 2004, in Austin, TX.
3. Hudson, S. and Smith, I. (1996)
   Techniques for addressing fundamental privacy and distruption tradeoffs in awareness support systems. Proc ACM CSCW 1996.
4. Things to chase down. Other possibilities suggested by Elaine Toms: "ones that examine usually structural characteristics of the video for retrieval purposes. One of the key techniques is isolating/identifying keyframes which reduces the video to a series of meaningful stills (which are used for browsing purposes). I only follow this for its potential for browsing surrogates, but likely in a mix are a whole host of techniques for examining content that might be pertinent to how you examine/use the content".
   • Key projects: FISCHLAR (Smeaton in Ireland) http://www.fischlar.dcu.ie/publications.html
   • Open Video (Marchionini in North Carolina) http://www.open-video.org/
   • Infomedia (Wactlar at CMU) http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu/pubs/byyear.asp
5. More things to chase down.
   • http://salavon.com/TGFAT/Titanic.shtml
   • http://hci.usask.ca/intranet/James/prototype/Jan31/ghost.jpg (Carl Gutwin's student)

1. Olson, G. M. & Olson, J. S. (1997). Research on computer supported cooperative work. In: Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier.
2. Paul Dourish and Graham Button. 1998. On "Technomethodology": Foundational Relationships between Ethnomethodology and Interactive System Design. Human-Computer Interaction, 13(4, 395-432.
3. Hughes, J., King, V., Rodden, T. and Andersen, H. (1994): Moving out from the control room: Ethnography in system design, in Proceedings of CSCW'94, Chapel Hill, ACM Press, 2226 Oct. 1994, pp 429-439. http://riss.keris.or.kr:8080/pubs/citations/proceedings/cscw/192844/p429-hughes/

1. Resnick, P., Iacovou, N., Suchak, M., Bergstrom, P., and Riedl, J. 1994.
   GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of netnews. In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work CSCW '94. ACM Press. 175-186.
2. Will Hill, Larry Stead, Mark Rosenstein and George Furnas.
   Recommending and evaluating Choices in a Virtual Community of Use  ACM CHI 1995.
3. David Maltz and Kate Ehrlich
   Pointing the Way: Active Collaborative Filtering ACM CHI'1995
4. (optional) Visit the site http://www.movielens.umn.edu/ for an example of how one recommender system works.

1. McGrath, J. (1984) A Typology of Tasks. p165-168, Text.
2. McGrath, J. Groups and Human Behaviour. p. 113-115, Text.
3. McGrath, J. Time, Interaction and Performance (TIP): a Theory of Groups. p. 116-129, Text.

1. Churchill, E., Nelson, L., Denoue, L.
   Multimedia fliers: Information Sharing with Digital Community Bulletin Boards. Communites and Technologies, Kluwer, 2003
2. Dyck, J.
   A survey of application layer networking techniques for real-time distributed groupware. Draft. Dept Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan.